1   Fitzhugh Green, American Propaganda Abroad (New York: Hippocrene Books, 1988), p. xii.
    2  David W. Guth and Charles Marsh, Public Relations: A Values-Driven Approach  (Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 2000), p. 55.
    3   Scott M. Cutlip, The Unseen Power: Public Relations. A History  (Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1994), pp. xiv-xv.
    4  Fitzhugh, op. cit., p. 7.
    5   Bruce Catton, Bruce Catton's Civil War (New York: Fairfax Press, 1984), pp. 191-192.
    6   Brett Gray, The Nervous Liberals: Propaganda Anxieties from World War I to the Cold War  (New York: Columbia University Press,  1999), p. 8.
    7   New Webster's Dictionary and Roget's Thesaurus (New York: Ottenhiemer Publishers, 1992, p. 301.
    8   Todd Hunt and James E. Grunig, Public Relations Techniques (Fort Worth, Tex.: Harcourt Brace, 1994), p. 8.
    9   Cutlip, op. cit., pp. 182-183.
  10   Cutlip, op. cit., p. 182.
  11    Gray, op. cit., p. 8.
  12    Leo Bogart.  1995.  Cool Words, Cold War.  The American University Press.  Washington. p. xii
  13    Fitzhugh, op. cit., p. 3.
  14    Guth and Marsh, op. cit., pp. 35-36.
  15    David M. Kennedy, Over Here: The First World War and American Society. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1980),  p. 62.
  16    Barry Alan Marks. "The Idea of Propaganda in America"  Ph.D. dissertation, University of Minnesota, 1957. As cited in Gray, op. cit., p. 23.
  17    Scott M. Cutlip, Allen H. Center and Glen M. Broom, Effective Public Relations, Sixth Edition (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1985), pp. 40-49.
  18    Richard Alan Nelson, A Chronology and Glossary of Propaganda in the United States. (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1996), pp. 274 (white propaganda) and 176 (gray propaganda).
  19    Ibid, p. 128.
  20    Bogart, op.cit., p. xiii
  21    Charles A.H. Thomson.  1948.  Overseas Information Service of the United States Government.  The Brookings Institution.  Washington.  p. 19.  (As cited in Bogart, op. cit. p. xiii)
  22    Cutlip, Center and Broom, op. cit. p. 570.
  23    Speech by Allen M. Wilson, vice president of The Advertising Council, to a joint luncheon of the Export Advertising Association and Export Managers Club, March 23, 1949.  Charles W. Jackson Files, Assistant to the President File 1948-52, Box 27, Harry S. Truman Library.
  24    "Statement by the President."  August 31, 1945.  Official File, Folder 37.  Harry S. Truman Library.
  25    John Boardman Whitton, editor.  1963.  Propaganda and the Cold War.  Public Affairs Press.  Washington. p. 5.
  26    Richard M. Freeland.  1972.  The Truman Doctrine and the Origins of McCarthyism.  Alfred A. Knopf.  New York.  pp. 207-208.
  27    David McCullough.  1992.  Truman.  Simon & Schuster.  New York. pp.  520-524.
  28    Freeland. op. cit. pp. 85-86.
  29    Freeland. op. cit. p. 89.
  30    Melvyn P. Leffler.  1992.  A Preponderance of Power: National Security, the Truman Administration and the Cold War.  Stanford University Press.  Stanford, Calif. pp. 144-145.
  31    Ibid.
  32    Freeland.  op. cit.  p. 89.
  33    Freeland.  op. cit.  pp. 94-95.
  34    Bogart.  op. cit. pp. xviii-xiv.
  35    Alvin A. Snyder.  1994.  U.S. Foreign Affairs in the New Information Age: Charting a Course for the 21st Century.  The Annenberg Washington Program in Communications Policy Studies of Northwestern University.  Washington.
  36    Bogart.  op. cit. p. xiv.
  37    McCullough, op. cit., p. 764.
  38    McCullough, op. cit., p. 764.
  39    Nelson, op. cit, p. 68.
  40    McCullough, op. cit., p. 772.
  41    Address by President Harry S. Truman to the American Society of Newspaper Editors, April 20, 1950, Files of Charles. Murphy, Presidential Speech File, Box Number 6, Harry S. Truman Library.
  42    Ibid.
  43    Department of State Departmental Announcement No. 4.  "Establishment of the United States International Information Administration (IIA)."  January 16, 1952.  As published in Foreign Relations of the United States 1952-1954, Volume II, Part 2.  United States Government Printing Office.  Washington. 1984. p 1591.
  44    Foreign Relations of the United States 1951 Volume I.  United States Government Printing Office.  Washington.  1959.  p. 902.  Footnote 3.
  45    Ibid. p 903.  Footnote 5.
  46    Ibid.  Memorandum by the Assistant Secretary of State for Public Affairs to the Under Secretary of State and the Deputy Under Secretary of State for Administration.  January 5, 1951.  p 903.
  47    Ibid. pp 903-904.
  48    Ibid.  p. 907.  Footnote 3.
  49    USIA: 1953-1999.  A Commemoration.  United States Information Agency publication posted on its Web site.  September 1999.  p 15.
  50    The Secretary of State to Senator William Benton.  January 24, 1951.  Foreign Relations of the United States 1951 Volume I.  United States Government Printing Office.  Washington.  1959.  p 910.
  51    Fitzhugh, op. cit., p. 22.
  52    Fitzhugh, op. cit., p. 27.
  53    Memorandum by the Deputy Under Secretary of State for Administration to the Regional Bureau Executive Directors.  January 30, 1952.  As published in Foreign Relations of the United States, 1952-1954, Volume II, Part 2. United States Government Printing Office.  Washington. 1984.  pp 1595-1616.
  54    Ibid.  p 1612.
  55    Ibid.  p 1614.
  56    Ibid.  p 1627.  Editorial Note.
  57    Ibid.  Memorandum by the Administrator of the International Information Administration to the Secretary of State.  July 29, 1952.  p 1628.
  58    Ninth Semiannual Report of the Secretary of State to Congress on the International Information and Educational Program, January 1952 to June 1952.  Box 3, C.D. Jackson Records (1953-1954), Dwight D. Eisenhower Library.
  59    Jeff Broadwater.  1992.  Eisenhower & the Anti-Communist Crusade.  The University of North Carolina Press.  Chapel Hill.  p. 69.
  60    Ibid.
  61    Stephen E. Ambrose.  Eisenhower: Soldier and President.  Simon & Schuster.  New York. 1990. pp 72-73.
  62    September 28, 1953, staff meeting notes.  Ann Whitman Diary Series.  Anne Whitman File.  Box 1.  Dwight David Eisenhower Library.
  63    James E. Grunig et al., editors.  Excellence in Public Relations and Communication Management.  Lawrence Erlbaum.  Hillsdale, N.J.  1992.  p 331.
  64    James Reston.  "Eisenhower Plans Key Staff To Guide 'Cold War' Policy." The New York Times.  January 11, 1953.  p 53.
  65    Ibid.
  66    Scope and Content Note, Finder's Guide, U.S. Committee on International Information Activities (Jackson Committee): Records, 1950-53. Dwight D. Eisenhower Library.  (In subsequent citations, documents from this file will be referred to as "Jackson Committee Records.")
  67    White House Press Release.  January 26, 1953.  Jackson Committee Records.  Box 14.  Dwight David Eisenhower Library.
  68    Eisenhower letter to James S. Lay, Jr.  January 24, 1953.  Jackson Committee Records, 1950-53.  Box 12.  Dwight David Eisenhower Library.
  69    Report To The President.  June 30, 1953.  U.S. President's Committee on International Information Activities (Jackson Committee): Records, 1950-53.  Dwight David Eisenhower Library.
  70    Editorial Note.  Foreign Relations of the United States, 1952-1954, Volume II, Part 2.  United States Government Printing Office.  Washington.  1984. p 1672.
  71    Staff Memorandum No. 8.  United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations.  April 10, 1953.  Jackson Committee Records.  Box 14.  op cit.
  72    Charles E. Egan.  "Propaganda Post in Cabinet Urged."  The New York Times.  February 21, 1953.  p 1.
  73    Bogart.  op. cit.  p. xv.
  74    Broadwater.  op. cit.  pp. 72-73.
  75    Ibid.
  76    "Mundt Sees One Unit For U.S. Information."  The New York Times.  February 23, 1953.  Clipping from Jackson Committee Records.  Box 14.  op. cit.
  77    Memorandum No. 14.  April 7, 1953.  President's Advisory Committee on Government Organization.  Foreign Relations of the United States, 1952-1954, Volume II, Part 2.  United States Government Printing Office.  Washington. 1984.  pp 1691-1697.
  78    "Psychological War."  The Washington Post.  February 14, 1953.  Clipping from Jackson Committee Records.  Box 14.  op. cit.
  79    Joseph Alsop and Stewart Alsop.  "'Selling' Democracy Like Soap Flakes."  The Washington Post.  January 12, 1953.  Clipping from the files of U.S. President's Committee on International Information Activities (Jackson Committee): Records, 1950-53.  Box 14.  Dwight David Eisenhower Library.
  80    Walter Lippmann.  "Abolish the Voice of America."  The New York Herald Tribune.  April 27, 1953.  Clipping from Jackson Committee Records.  Box 14.  op. cit.
  81    James Reston.  "Too Much Talk, Critics Say, Nullifies 'Cold War' by U.S."  The New York Times.  February 22, 1953.  Clipping from Jackson Committee Records.  Box 14.  op. cit.
  82    Alsop and Alsop.  op. cit.
  83    Memorandum from Franklin A. Lindsay to Messrs. Jackson, W.H. and C.D.  February 10, 1953.  Jackson Committee Records.  Box 12.
  84    "Eisenhower's 'cold war' committee to call on PR men."  Time.  February 28, 1953.  Clipping from Jackson Committee Records.  Box 14.  op. cit.
  85    Ellis L. Phillips.  Memorandum of notes and impressions of Workshop Panel on U.S. International Public Relations, sponsored by the American Public Relations Association, on March 3, 1953.  Jackson Committee Records.  Box 13.  op. cit.
  86    Public Relations News.  Letter No. 464.  June 1, 1953.  New York.  p 1.
  87    Memorandum from Lewis C. Mattison to Abbott Washburn.  May 27, 1953.  Jackson Committee Records.  Box 11.  op. cit.
  88    President Eisenhower's message to Congress on Reorganization Plan No. 8 of 1953.  June 1, 1953. U.S. President's Committee on International Information Activities (Jackson Committee): Records, 1950-53.  Box 14.  Dwight David Eisenhower Library.
  89    White House Press Release on the report of the President's Committee on International Information.  July 8, 1953.  U.S. President's Committee on International Information Activities (Jackson Committee): Records, 1950-53.  Box 14.  Dwight David Eisenhower Library.
  90    Report to the President. op. cit.  pp 101-102.  Italics added for emphasis.
  91    Report to the President.  op. cit. p 102.
  92    White House Press Release on the report of the President's Committee on International Information.  op. cit.
  93    "Collection Description: The Psychological Strategy Board."  Harry S. Truman Library.
  94    White House Press Release on the report of the President's Committee on International Information.  op. cit.
  95    White House Press Release on the report of the President's Committee on International Information.  op. cit.
  96    White House Press Release on the report of the President's Committee on International Information.  op. cit.
  97    Freeland.  op. cit. p. 9.
  98    Freeland.  op. cit.  pp. 11-12.
  99    Fred I. Greenstein. 1982.  The Hidden-Hand Presidency: Eisenhower as Leader.  The Johns Hopkins University Press. Baltimore. pp. 155-157.
100    Ambrose.  op. cit.
101    Statement of Vice President Al Gore.  "Cutting Back to Basics."  White House News Release.  September 7, 1993.
102    "Accompanying Report of the National Performance Review."  Office of the Vice President.  The White House.  July 23, 1994.
103    Statement by the Press Secretary.  The White House.  February 15, 1995.
104    Fact Sheet: Foreign Affairs Reorganization.  The White House.  December 30, 1998.
105    Kenton Keith.  1999.  "Troubled Takeover: The Demise of USIA." Posted online at http://www.afsa.org/fsj/Sep99/TroubledKeith.htm
106    Nancy Snow.  1998.  "The Smith-Mundt Act of 1948: A Fifty-year Legacy of U.S. Propaganda."  Peace Review.  Vol. 10, No. 4.  Available online at http://www.snowmachine.com/smith.html